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The ABCs of 123s

U.S., Iran are talking about a ‘123 Agreement.’ What does that mean?

A 123 Agreement is required for U.S. nuclear cooperation with another country. The prospect of such a deal with Iran is meeting significant skepticism from analysts

EVELYN HOCKSTEINAMER HILABI/POOL/AFP/AFP via Getty Images

US Middle East envoy Steve Witkoff after a meeting with Russian officials at Diriyah Palace, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on February 18, 2025 (L)/ Iran's Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi speaking to AFP during an interview at the Iranian consulate in Jeddah on March 7, 2025.

Last week, a group of Senate Republicans introduced a resolution laying down their stringent expectations for a nuclear deal with Iran. One of those conditions was a so-called “123 Agreement” with the United States, after “the complete dismantlement and destruction...

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